Introduction
Vaccinations form the cornerstone of preventive health care for puppies. By stimulating the immune system, vaccines protect against life-threatening diseases such as parvovirus, distemper, and rabies. Understanding which vaccinations are essential—and when to administer them—ensures your puppy grows into a healthy adult dog.

1. Core vs. Non-Core Vaccines

• Core Vaccines: Recommended for all puppies regardless of lifestyle.

  • Canine Distemper Virus (CDV): Affects respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. High morbidity and mortality rates.

  • Canine Parvovirus (CPV): Severe gastroenteritis, often fatal in young puppies.

  • Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1) or Type 2 (CAV-2): Protects against infectious canine hepatitis; CAV-2 in combination vaccines also covers kennel cough prophylaxis.

  • Rabies Virus: Legally required in many jurisdictions; fatal and zoonotic.

• Non-Core Vaccines: Administered based on risk assessment.

  • Bordetella bronchiseptica: Bordetella protects against kennel cough; often required for boarding or doggy daycare.

  • Leptospira spp.: Bacterial infection transmitted via wildlife urine; recommended in areas with high leptospirosis prevalence.

  • Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi): Consider if you live in or travel to high–tick-prevalence regions.

2. Puppy Vaccination Schedule

3. Vaccine Types & Administration

• Modified Live Vaccines (MLV): Contain attenuated pathogens that replicate, eliciting robust immunity. Typically used for DHPP.

• Killed (Inactivated) Vaccines: Contain inactivated pathogens; safer for immunocompromised dogs but may require more frequent boosters. Used in Leptospira, Lyme, and rabies vaccines in many formulations.

• Recombinant Vaccines: Employ genetic engineering to express specific antigens (e.g., recombinant rabies vaccines), reducing adverse reactions.

4. Safety and Side Effects

• Normal Reactions: Mild fever, localized swelling at injection site, decreased appetite, or lethargy lasting 24–48 hours. Monitor closely.

• Rare Adverse Events: Anaphylaxis (vomiting, facial swelling, difficulty breathing) requires immediate veterinary attention. Keep your vet’s emergency contact readily available.

• Vaccine-Site Sarcomas (Cats more than Dogs): Extremely rare in dogs, but monitor for any lumps that grow progressively.

5. Booster Shots & Adult Maintenance

• DHPP Booster: Administer 1 year after the puppy series, then every 3 years unless titers indicate longer immunity.

• Rabies Booster: Frequency depends on local regulations—typically every 1 to 3 years.

• Leptospira & Bordetella: Annual boosters recommended if ongoing risk.

6. Special Considerations

• Maternal Antibody Interference: Maternal antibodies protect young puppies but can interfere with vaccine efficacy. Hence, multiple DHPP doses until at least 16 weeks.

• Shelter or High-Risk Environments: Initiate DHPP as early as 4 weeks and repeat every 2–3 weeks until 16–18 weeks.

• Travel Requirements: Some countries/states require rabies titers or specific vaccines (e.g., canine influenza, leptospirosis). Check regulations before travel.

7. Record-Keeping & Communication

• Vaccination Log: Keep a detailed record of dates, vaccine types, lot numbers, and administering veterinarian.

• Discuss Risks & Benefits: Engage in open dialogue with your veterinarian about lifestyle factors (boarding, travel, wildlife exposure) to tailor non-core vaccines.

Conclusion
A well-designed vaccination protocol is foundational to your puppy’s long-term health. By understanding core and non-core vaccines, adhering to recommended schedules, and monitoring for side effects, you minimize disease risk while optimizing immune protection. Regular veterinary checkups and thorough record-keeping ensure your puppy receives timely boosters and stays safe from preventable infections.